Ethic analysis of the role of incentive system in the organ donation after citizen’s death / 器官移植

Organ transplantation has demonstrated its significant values by its excellent effectiveness in health reconstruction and life survival, where organ donation is a major component in promoting the development of organ transplantation in China. In recent years, an important progress has been made in organ transplantation in China with an annually increased organ donation rate. In spite of this, there is a serious fact confronted by us that the donated organ quantity is insufficient, which may be solved by further improvement of medical science and public health policy. According to the international experience, an incentive system may improve the organ donation rate effectively although the hidden ethic property of the incentive system itself may have an essentially conflict with the altruism contained in the organ donation. Therefore, in this article, the property of the incentive system, the interaction between organ donation and incentive system and the ethic justification of the system was reviewed, aiming to provide a reference for the further development of the organ donation and transplantation business in China.

Evaluación estadística relacionada con la donación de sangre a nivel mundial

Objetivo: Dar a conocer las estadísticas relacionadas con la donación de sangre humana a nivel mundial. Métodos: El estudio es de tipo descriptivo comparativo exploratorio de carácter unidimensional. La información fue recopilada de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, World Population Review and Statistical. Para el análisis de la información se empleó la técnica multivariada de clúster. Resultados: Alemania presenta la mayor tasa de donación de sangre, seguido de Dinamarca. En general se aprecia que en los países de Europa existe mayor cultura de donación, mientras en naciones ubicadas en África y algunos países de Asia, se dan las estadísticas más bajas en relación al tema. Conclusiones: Es fundamental incentivar en las naciones programas de educación relacionados con la importancia de donar sangre, asegurando una buena comunicación para derribar algunas barreras entre los posibles donantes.

Objective: To report statistics related to human blood donation worldwide. Methods: the study is a one-dimensional exploratory comparative descriptive study. The information was compiled from the World Health Organization, World Population Review and Statistical. The multivariate clustering technique was used for data analysis. Results: Germany has the highest blood donation rate, followed by Denmark. In general, it can be seen that in European countries there is a greater culture of donation, while in countries located in Africa and some Asian countries, there are lower statistics on the subject. Conclusions: It is essential to encourage education programs in the countries related to the importance of donating blood, ensuring good communication to break down some barriers among potential donors.

Enlightenment on the Construction of Medical Professionalism from the Perspective of Moral Injury / 中国医学伦理学

The purpose of medicine is to preserve and develop the treatment in the process of saving lives and helping injuries. Medical professionalism is a comprehensive expression of physician’s clinical abilities, relationships and values between different subjects. In practice, white robed doctors utilize high standards of professionalism to practice the medical purpose and goals of "always centering on the interests of the patient" in specific diagnosis and treatment behaviors. At the same time, fulfilling the promises and expectations of medicine to the public. For these reasons, selfless dedication, self-sacrifice, and one-way pure altruism are all internalized into the basic requirements of medical professionalism: doctors should not only have the skill to revive the dead, but also have the benevolence of evangelists; they not only need to achieve maximum efficiency in technology, but also achieve the highest truth, goodness, and beauty in virtue. When these qualities are exaggerated or unattainable due to uncontrollable reasons, there will be a rift between the entrenched value systems and practical needs. In recent years, the global epidemic has had a huge impact on the medical system and medical staff, and the moral beliefs, role expectations, and value systems of doctors have also been impacted unprecedentedly, resulting in moral injury. The international research on moral injury in medical field has also received attention. China is currently in the adjustment period of epidemic related policies, with medical personnel bearing the brunt. Therefore, referring to relevant international research on moral injury to re-examine the relationship between the medical professionalism, which emphasizes one-way pure altruism, dedication and weakening or even neglecting personal well-being, and current medical practices. And constructing a moral injury early warning-repair system that focuses on doctors, patients, medical teams, medical institutions, medical environments, health systems, and other stakeholders, and ensuring its healthy operation. Not only in extreme periods, but also in ordinary daily diagnosis and treatment, it can support doctors to actively, safely, and healthily fulfill their mission of saving lives and helping injuries.

Análisis de la problemática resultante de los tipos de donación de sangre, producida en el Banco de Sangre de la Seguridad Social en La Paz durante la gestión 2020 / Analysis of the problems resulting from the types of blood donation, produced at the social security Blood Bank in La Paz during the 2020 administration

INTRODUCCIÓN: actualmente la sangre continúa siendo un elemento vital para la vida, su fabricación aún no ha sido optimizada, por lo tanto, solo puede obtenerse a través de donaciones humanas. Por ello, para los Bancos de Sangre, contar con personas de confianza que aporten sangre constituye uno de los principales problemas éticos. Actualmente existen tres tipos de donación de sangre: la donación voluntaria y altruista, la donación de reposición o familiar y la donación remunerada, siendo esta última inaceptable en términos económicos y sanitarios, además de estar prohibida en el marco legal vigente en nuestro país. OBJETIVOS: analizar la problemática de la donación de sangre, haciendo énfasis en los tipos de donaciones que existen en nuestro país, considerando cuál es el tipo de donación más seguro para el receptor y cuáles son los menores de las pruebas de tamizaje inmunoserológico. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio transversal analítico, retrospectivo, en el que se revisaron las historias clínicas y los formularios electrónicos de trabajo utilizados en la recolección de datos de las donaciones de sangre obtenidas en el Banco de Sangre. de la seguridad social. Para el análisis estadístico se realizó la media y la varianza. RESULTADOS: de un total de 7787 personas que se presentaron a donar sangre, solo 5166 realizaron una donación efectiva. El resto fueron diferidos temporalmente por causas subsanables, 147 fueron diferidos definitivamente por enfermedades e infecciones que pudieran suponer un riesgo para el receptor y en 19 de ellos la extracción de sangre fue difícil por dificultad de acceso venoso. Según el tipo de donaciones, el 52,8 % fueron donaciones solidarias de reposición, el 43,3 % donación exijida y el 3,71 % donación voluntaria. Finalmente, el 68 % del total de las donaciones de sangre provino de hombres. CONCLUIONES: los datos obtenidos demuestran porcentajes muy bajos de donantes voluntarios y valores altos de donantes obligados a donar, muy en relación a países con programas deficientes de donación voluntaria y altruista de sangre.

INTRODUCTION: currently blood is a vital element for life, its manufacture has not yet been optimized, therefore, it can only be obtained through human donations. For this reason, for Blood Banks, having reliable people who provide blood constitutes one of the main ethical problems. There are currently three types of blood donation: voluntary and altruistic donation, replacement or family donation, and paid donation, the latter being unacceptable in economic and health terms, as well as being prohibited under the current legal framework in our country. OBJECTIVES: analyze the problem of blood donation, emphasizing the types of donations that exist in our country, considering what is the safest type of donation for the recipient and what are the minors of immunoserological screening tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS: this was a retrospective, analytical cross-sectional study, in which, we reviewed clinical histories and electronic work forms used in the collection of data on blood donations obtained in the Blood Bank. of social security. For statistical analysis we performed the mean and variance. RESULTS: in a total of 7787 people who presented themselves to donate blood, only 5166 made an effective donation. The rest were temporarily deferred for rectifiable reasons, 147 were permanently deferred due to diseases and infections that could cause a risk to the recipient and in 19 of them it was difficult to draw blood due to difficult venous access. According to the type of donations, 52.8 % were solidarity replacement donations, 43.3 % required donation, and 3.71 % voluntary donation. Finally, 68 % of the total blood donations came from men. CONCLUSIONS: the data obtained show very low percentages of voluntary donors and high values of required donors, these results are in accordance with countries with deficient voluntary and altruistic blood donation programs.

Ethical Issues in Surgery during COVID-19 Pandemic

Surgeons were facing considerable ethical dilemma during this COVID-19 pandemic-whichpatient to select for surgery and which patient to be deferred for a later date. Surgeons also had a difficult taskof protecting themselves and their team and perform a safe surgery without infecting the patient. There were also ethical issues of using Oxygen or an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) bed during this time for the surgical patient when it was in short supply. A critical factorwas balancing the benefit of surgery for the patient against the risk of contacting the COVID-19 virus and the complications of the disease process.

Perception of Malaysian Undergraduate Medical Students Regarding Soft Skills: A Qualitative Study

@#Introduction: The cognitive and psychomotor abilities needed by physicians are widely addressed in the undergraduate medical curriculum; however, the attitude (affective domain) is rarely addressed. Soft skills refer to a person’s ability to communicate efficiently, collaborate, and have various personality traits that define people’s interactions. This study aimed to determine the perception of undergraduate medical students on soft skills. Methods: A total of twenty-four undergraduate medical students from our institution participated in this study. The students attended a one-hour lecture session about soft skills conducted by a clinician. Within a week of the lecture, we held four focus group discussions (FGDs). Each focus group consisted of six students. This qualitative study’s sample selection process was by the convenience sampling technique until participant numbers reached data saturation. Thematic analysis was used to interpret the transcripts of the FGDs. Results: Thirteen (54.1%) students had prior knowledge limited to some attributes of soft skills during high school and via community service. Introduction to soft skills specifically occurred to 18 (75.0%) students after joining the medical college. Ten (41.6%) students opined that empathy is the most essential, whereas nine (37.5%), four (16.6%), one (4.1%) mentioned that communication skills, teamwork, and time management, respectively, are essential soft skills for physicians. Conclusion: All undergraduate medical students (100%) enrolled in this study mentioned that soft skills are essential for physicians. Therefore, soft skills training must become an integral part of the undergraduate medical curriculum rather than merely a component of the hidden curriculum.

Profesora Alicia Evarista Fernández Hernández, educadora por excelencia / Professor Alicia Evarista Fernández Hernández, educator par excellence

Se tiene presente el principio martiano de que "Educar es depositar en cada hombre toda la obra humana, es ponerlo a nivel de su tiempo, es preparar al hombre para la vida", por eso, esta semblanza es un homenaje a la ilustre académica Alicia Evarista Fernández Hernández, quien con 12 años edad comenzó su labor como educadora al incorporarse a la Campaña de Alfabetización y a otras tareas asignadas por la Revolución; martiana ferviente, educadora por excelencia, ha transmitido durante más de cuatro décadas sus experiencias y sus doctrinas de amor y sabiduría a distintas generaciones de estudiantes de Enfermería, Medicina, profesores, profesionales de la salud de Cuba y otros pueblos del mundo. Es objetivo de esta semblanza referir los aspectos más relevantes de su magistral obra educativa, académica y revolucionaria, apoyados en testimonios, revisión de documentos, entrevistas a familiares y compañeros, que, sin dudas, describen de modo fehaciente su trayectoria como estudiante, enfermera, profesora, académica e investigadora. Alicia Fernández constituye un referente teórico-práctico, ejemplo de dedicación, altruismo y un modelo de conducta a seguir por las nuevas generaciones de galenos, enfermeros, profesores y otros profesionales de la salud que se forman integralmente en las universidades de las Ciencias Médicas cubanas(AU)

We keep in mind Marti's principle that "to educate is to deposit all human work in each man, to put him at the level of his time, and to prepare him for life"; therefore, this semblance is a tribute to the illustrious academician Alicia Evarista Fernández Hernández who began her work as an educator at the age of twelve by joining the literacy campaign and other tasks assigned by the Revolution. She has been a passionate defender of Marti's ideas and an educator par excellence who has passed her experiences and doctrines of love and wisdom to different generations of nursing and medical students, professors and other health professionals from Cuba and other peoples of the world for more than four decades. The objective of this semblance is to present the most relevant aspects of her masterful educational, academic and revolutionary work supported by evidence, document reviews, and interviews with family members and colleagues which undoubtedly describe her career as a student, nurse, professor, academician, and researcher. Alicia Fernández is a theoretical and practical referent, an example of dedication and altruism, and a behavior model to the new generations of doctors, nurses, professors and other health professionals who are fully trained in the Cuban universities of Medical Sciences(AU)

Comportamento Altruísta na Infância: O que a Literatura nos Mostra / Altruistic Behavior in Childhood: What does Literature Shows us

Resumo Uma variedade de comportamentos altruístas diferenciados tem sido evidenciada na infância. O presente artigo objetivou sistematizar estudos empíricos produzidos nos anos de 2010 a 2015 sobre o altruísmo infantil. Após a elaboração e aplicação de um protocolo sistematizado de seleção, foram encontrados 14 artigos, os quais foram analisados na íntegra. Os estudos contemplaram o altruísmo infantil (1 a 11 anos de idade) em associação a diferentes variáveis, tais como avaliação moral, custos de resposta, renda familiar, distância social, capacidade de abster-se de prêmios imediatos, eventos adversos, representações de apego, dominância social, composição genética, entre outras. Concluiu-se que crianças ainda muito jovens em contextos variados demonstram altruísmo por meio de ações topograficamente diversas à medida que encontram oportunidades para isso.

Abstract A variety of altruistic behaviors differentiated has been evidenced in childhood. This article aimed to systematize empirical studies produced in the years 2010 to 2015 about child altruism. After the elaboration and application of a systematic selection protocol, were found 14 articles were fully analyzed. The studies have examined the child altruism (1 to 11 years old) in association with different variables such as moral evaluation, response costs, family income, social distance, ability to abnegate immediate awards, adverse events, representations of attachment, social dominance, genetic composition, among others. It was concluded that children still very young and in different contexts demonstrate altruism through different topographic actions if they find opportunities for this.

Variáveis Descritivas do Altruísmo na Análise do Comportamento / Descriptive Variables of Altruism in Behavior Analysis

Resumo Esta pesquisa objetivou sistematizar as variáveis descritivas citadas na literatura analítico-comportamental sobre o altruísmo. Foram realizadas buscas em bases de dados e periódicos brasileiros especializados em Análise do Comportamento. Descritores relacionados à Análise do Comportamento foram combinados com as palavras altruísmo e altruísta, resultando em 19 artigos. As análises indicaram que o altruísmo foi abordado como uma classe de comportamentos com topografias variadas, desde simpáticas até agressivas, que ocorre sob o controle antecedente de regras e autorregras, e de operações estabelecedoras, como a empatia. Como consequências que podem manter o comportamento altruísta, foram identificadas consequências imediatas (produção de reforçadores positivos, remoção de eventos aversivos), e também consequências reforçadoras positivas atrasadas, que caracterizariam o altruísmo como um padrão comportamental molar e autocontrolado.

Abstract This research aimed to systematize the descriptive variables cited in the behavior-analytic literature about altruism. Searches were performed in databases and Brazilian journals specialized in Behavior Analysis. Descriptors related to Behavior Analysis were combined with the words altruism and altruistic, resulting in 19 articles. The analyses indicated that altruism was approached as a class of behaviors with varied topographies, from sympathetic to aggressive ones, occurring under the antecedent control of rules and self-rules, and of establishing operations such as empathy. As consequences that can maintain altruistic behavior, immediate consequences were identified (production of positive reinforcers, removal of aversive events), and also delayed positive reinforcing consequences, which would characterize altruism as a molar and self-controlled behavioral pattern.

The choice of Medicine as a profession and the students' labor perspective / Escolha da medicina como profissão e perspectiva laboral dos estudantes

Abstract: Introduction: Medicine is a prestigious profession, therefore, although competition for admission is fierce and studies require dedication and sacrifices, thousands of young people face the challenge of becoming doctors every year. Objective: Describe the reasons why medical school students chose Medicine as a profession and their concerns about the job perspective. Method: Quantitative descriptive and documentary research, through the application of a questionnaire with sociodemographic and specific questions. Result: A high percentage of the female gender stood out, with 63.31% of the participants. The main reasons for choosing Medicine as a profession were altruism (71.75%), financial stability (59.42%) and personal accomplishment (58.77%). However, there was a decrease in the preference for altruism during internship (p<0.01). The biggest concern after training was "Doing a good job / Being a good professional" (79.87%) and, in relation to the "job market" and "devaluation of the profession", there was an increase in the concern during internship (p <0.001). The majority (91.92%) expressed the intention to become a specialist physician, with the specialty of Gynecology and Obstetrics being the most sought after. Regarding the way of working, 51.3% expressed the desire to be a self-employed professional, 55.52% a public or private employee and 7.92% a liberal professional. The greatest difficulty expected in the profession was competition (57.70%) and the most important requirement for professional practice was "Medicine as a means to be useful or help people" (98.38%). Regarding the feelings experienced as a student, the levels of anxiety, stress and feeling of overload were high, respectively 80.52%, 79.55% and 73.38%. Conclusion: At the beginning of the course, there is a more idealized view of Medicine and throughout the development of phases, as contact with medical practice occurs, the students better understand their difficulties and increase their concerns, especially with the job market and the devaluation of the profession, causing, in some, the reduction of the humanistic ideals that motivated the choice of the profession, an aspect to be valued by medical schools during professional training.

Resumo: Introdução: A medicina é uma profissão de prestígio, e, por isso, embora a concorrência para a admissão seja acirrada e os estudos exijam dedicação e sacrifícios, todos os anos milhares de jovens enfrentam o desafio de se tornarem médicos. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever as razões pelas quais os acadêmicos de um curso de Medicina escolheram a medicina como profissão e suas preocupações quanto à perspectiva laboral. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa, descritiva e documental, realizada por meio da aplicação de questionário com questões sociodemográficas e específicas. Resultado: Destacou-se elevada percentagem do gênero feminino, com 63,31% dos participantes. As principais razões de escolha da medicina como profissão foram altruísmo (71,75%), estabilidade financeira (59,42%) e realização pessoal (58,77%). Entretanto, houve diminuição da preferência pelo altruísmo durante o internato (p < 0,01). A maior preocupação após a formação foi "realizar um bom trabalho/ser um bom profissional" (79,87%), e, em relação ao "mercado de trabalho" e à "desvalorização da profissão", verificou-se aumento da preocupação durante o internato (p < 0,001). A maioria (91,92%) manifestou a intenção de tornar-se médico especialista, sendo mais desejada a especialidade ginecologia e obstetrícia. Em relação à forma de trabalho, 51,3% apontaram que gostariam de trabalhar como profissionais autônomos, 55,52% manifestaram o desejo de ter um emprego público ou particular, e 7,92% mencionaram a atuação como profissionais liberais. A maior dificuldade esperada na profissão foi a concorrência (57,70%), e o requisito mais importante para o exercício profissional foi a "medicina como meio para ser útil ou ajudar pessoas" (98,38%). Sobre os sentimentos experimentados como estudante, os níveis de ansiedade, estresse e sensação de sobrecarga foram elevados, respectivamente 80,52%, 79,55% e 73,38%. Conclusão: No início do curso, existe uma visão mais idealizada da medicina, e, no desenvolver das fases, conforme ocorre o contato com a prática médica, os acadêmicos percebem melhor as dificuldades e aumentam suas preocupações, sobretudo com o mercado de trabalho e a desvalorização da profissão, provocando, em alguns, a diminuição dos ideais humanísticos que motivaram a escolha da profissão, aspecto a ser valorizado pelas escolas de Medicina durante o ensino.

The global burden of rheumatic heart disease: population-related differences (it is not all the same!)

Abstract Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains the most common cardiovascular disease in young adults and adolescents in need of heart surgery in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The mean age of patients is 20-25 years, often much younger. By contrast, the few patients with chronic RHD in developed countries present a mean age of around 55 years. It is absolutely fundamental to differentiate these two types of population. Pathology, lesions and surgical methods are different, and the results should not be compared. It is not all the same! A certain enthusiasm for mitral repair has recently surged, with several reports showing excellent results in children and young adults, resulting from the renewed interest of cardiac surgeons, also based on new and modified techniques developed in the meantime. While surgery is easily accessible to patients in developed countries, the situation in LMICs is often dramatic, with countries where there is a complete absence of or few surgical facilities absolutely unable to meet gigantic demands. Many foreign surgical teams conduct humanitarian missions in several of these countries. They are just a "drop of water in the ocean" of needs. In some cases, however, these missions led to the establishment of local teams that now work independently and, in some cases, outperform the foreign teams still visiting.

Teaching the Fundamentals of Medical Professionalism / 医学教育

It is said that there is no universal and comprehensive definition of professionalism. This is because there are various factors to consider depending on age, social situation, and medical context. Another reason is that academics differ in how they think about professionalism. This situation has made it difficult to introduce professionalism education. However, it is thought that a certain educational effect can be obtained by promoting education while working with the learner to consider the concept and definition of professionalism based on the social contract that forms the basis of the concept of professionalism and the trust of society. We present examples of teaching the concept of professionalism through the use of concrete examples.

Translation and Content Validation of the Generative Altruism Scale - Brazilian Version / Traducción y Validación de Contenido de la Escala de Altruismo Generativo - Versión Brasileña / Tradução e Validação de Conteúdo da Escala de Altruísmo Generalizado - Versão Brasileira

Abstract: Altruism is a behavior directed towards helping another person at a certain cost to the benefactor. The present study aimed to translate and semantically adapt the Generative Altruism Scale for Brazil. This study had the help of two multidisciplinary panels: one formed by a specialist in Developmental Psychology responsible for assisting in semantic adjustments, and another composed of four specialists in Social and Positive Psychology who evaluated the items regarding the adequacy to the construct, clarity and similarity. The Content Validity Coefficient was used to evaluate the items according to the scores of these judges. All 10 final items presented satisfactory coefficients. It is believed that this mediated has been translated properly, having semantic equivalence with the original scale.

Resumen: El altruismo consiste en un comportamiento orientado a ayudar a otra persona, com un determinado costo para el benefactor. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo traducir y adaptar semánticamente la Escala Generativa de Altruismo para Brasil. Este estudio contó con la ayuda de dos paneles multidisciplinares: uno formado por una especialista de Psicología del Desarrollo responsable por las adecuaciones semánticas, y otro compuesto por cuatro especialistas en Psicología Social y Positiva que evaluaron los ítems en cuanto a la adecuación al constructo, claridad y similitud. Se utilizó el Coeficiente de Validez de Contenido para evaluar los ítems según las puntuaciones de estos jueces. Los 10 elementos finales presentaron resultados satisfactorios. Esto permite considerar que la escala fue adecuadamente traducida y presenta equivalencia semántica con la escala original.

Resumo: O altruísmo trata-se de um comportamento direcionado para ajudar outra pessoa a certo custo para o benfeitor. O presente estudo teve como objetivo traduzir e adaptar semanticamente a Escala de Altruísmo Generalizado para o Brasil. Este estudo contou com a ajuda de dois painéis multidisciplinares: um formado por uma especialista de Psicologia do Desenvolvimento responsável por auxiliar nas adequações semânticas, e outro composto por quatro especialistas em Psicologia Social e Positiva que avaliaram os itens quanto à adequação ao construto, clareza e similaridade. Utilizou-se do Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo para avaliar os itens segundo os escores destes juízes. Todos os 10 itens finais apresentaram coeficientes satisfatórios. Confia-se que esta medida foi traduzida adequadamente, possuindo equivalência semântica com a escala original.

Efeito do sistema de economias de fichas sobre o comportamento cooperativo em crianças / Effect of the token economy system in children cooperative behavior / Efecto del sistema de economía de fichas sobre el comportamiento cooperativo en los niños

O sistema de economia de fichas (SEF) foi usado em um jogo para avaliar seu efeito sobre a cooperação. Crianças de uma escola pública receberam fichas e optaram entre guardá-las ou doá-las anonimamente em uma urna; o número de fichas era triplicado e distribuído igualmente às crianças, que escolhiam, então, entre "comprar" itens ou economizar. O SEF teve efeito na cooperação: 60% das crianças adotaram mais a estratégia cooperativa do que a egoísta, ainda que os perfis individuais mostrem uma aparente exploração de estratégias diversas. O SEF mostrou-se uma alternativa viável e aponta caminhos para aplicação em contextos escolares.

The token economy system was used in a cooperative game to evaluate its effect on cooperation. Public school's children received tokens and chose to keep or donate them anonymously in an urn. The contents of the collective urn were tripled and distributed equally at the end of the session. Children could choose to "buy" items or save tokens. This system affected cooperative behavior: 60% of participants have adopted a more cooperative strategy than the free-rider, even though individual profiles show an apparent exploration of different strategies. These results indicate ways for application in scholar contexts.

El sistema de economía de fichas se utilizó como juego cooperativo para investigar la cooperación entre los niños. Los niños de una escuela pública recibieron fichas y optaron por guardarlas o donarlas de forma anónima en una urna. El contenido de la urna se triplicó y se distribuyó igualmente. Con la ficha que tenían, podían "comprar" artículos o ahorrar las fichas. La aplicación de este sistema parece haber afectado el comportamiento cooperativo, manteniéndolo prevalente entre los participantes (60% de los participantes), mismo que individualmente parecen haber explorado diferentes estrategias. Estos resultados indican formas de aplicación en contextos escolares.

Effects of playing violent video games on teenagers’ behavior – An experience from Malaysia

Introduction: Violent behaviours among teenagers have increased significantly over the years and the mean age of the crime has become younger. Aim and Objective: Our objective was to determine the effects of video games on male teenagers’ behaviors among population in the 24 secondary schools Muar, Johor, Malaysia. Methodology: This was a cross sectional study. Our sample size was 380 and the age of the respondents were between 13-16 years. Data was collected by using 4 sets of questionnaires, which are demographic information (4 items), Multi-Dimensional Emotional Empathy Scale (24 items), Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (29 items) and Self Report Altruism scale (20 items). Results: Our results showed that 78.41% students were violent video gamers. Out of 380 students, 156 students (40.1%) engaged with videogames less than 2 hours per day, 151 teenagers (38.8%) used to play between 2 and 4 hours per day and only 82 teenagers (21.1%) used to play for more than 4 hours per day. About 70% of respondents score was lower than standard in both physical and verbal aggression. Level of altruism is one of the objectives in this research. Discussion: Our results documented that there is a relationship between the video games and the aggressive behaviour even the prosocial behaviour as well. Though the assessment of the aggression, the participant showed more on the anger and hostility attitude. Video games not only related to aggression but also it is related to the diminishing the sense of empathy among teenagers. Conclusion: We concluded in our study that most of the participants showed that they prefer violent video games, most of them are not empathetic and they don’t have altruism attitude.

Patient Storytellers for Professionalism Education / 医学教育

The importance of patient narratives has been recognized in medical education. It is almost equivalent to concepts of "altruism" or "empathy" in medical professionalism. However, opportunities or resources on the matter have been limited. About 100 years ago, Sir William Osler said, "Just listen to your patient" , emphasizing the importance of patient narratives. Listening to the patient's story has been situated at the core of medical education, and the value of patient narratives has been explored through an online database and the activities of patient storytellers. In this article, examples from our empirical study on patient narratives are presented, and its effectiveness is then discussed.

Psicodrama do herói: uma jornada de transformação / Herodrama: a journey of transformation / Psicodrama del héroe: una jornada de transformación

O objetivo desta comunicação breve é analisar e refletir a eficiência da utilização do método psicodramático em conjunto com a jornada do herói, monomito narrado por Joseph Campbell, que está presente em todas as culturas e relata a presença de um herói e seu processo de mudança. Chamamos o resultado dessa união de Psicodrama do herói (PDH). Descrevemos, neste estudo, um trabalho realizado por meio do PDH, no qual os participantes vivenciaram a transformação de um personagem construído pelo próprio grupo.

The purpose of this brief communication is to analyze and reflect upon the efficiency of using the psychodrama method in connection with the hero's journey, a monomyth described by Joseph Campbell, which is present in all cultures and describes a hero and his journey of transformation. We called the result of this union Herodrama (HD). In this study, we describe a workshop executed with HD, in which participants experienced the journey of a character built by the group itself.

El objetivo de esta breve comunicación es analizar y reflejar la eficiencia de la utilización del método psicodramático en conjunto con la jornada del héroe, monomito descrito por Joseph Campbell, que está presente en todas las culturas y relata la presencia de un héroe y su jornada de transformación. Llamamos el resultado de esa unión de Psicodrama del héroe (PDH). Describimos, en este estudio, un trabajo realizado con PDH, en el cual los participantes vivenciaron la jornada de un personaje construido por el propio grupo.

El humanismo en la formación del médico. Papel de la neurociencia y la sicología cognitiva / Humanism in the training of the doctor. Role of neuroscience and cognitive psychology

The objective of this article is to present a proposal for professional training consistent with the vocation of the doctor. From the cognitive psychology and the neuroscience the praxis of the humanism is approached, without trying to deepen but to give motivating ideas that allow to transform the medical education with educational innovations. The article includes 3 components, a clinical case, a new view from neuroscience and cognitive psychology, and a proposal that welcomes these innovations directly related to humanism, to transform education in the classrooms and in the various practices of medicine and Health Sciences

El objetivo del presente artículo es exponer una propuesta para la formación profesional consecuente con la vocación del médico. Desde la psicología cogni- tiva y la neurociencia se aborda la praxis del humanismo, sin pretender profun- dizar sino dar unas ideas motivadoras que permitan transformar la educación médica con innovaciones educativas. El artículo comprende 3 componentes, un caso clínico, una nueva mirada desde la neurociencia y la sicología cognitiva, y una propuesta que acoja estas innovaciones directamente relacionadas con el humanismo, para transformar la educación en las aulas y en las diversas prácticas de medicina y las ciencias de la salud

Investigação do perfil de personalidade em trabalhadores voluntários / Investigation of the personality profile in volunteers workers / Investigación del perfil de personalidad en trabajadores voluntarios

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o perfil de personalidade patológica de trabalhadores voluntários, comparando também ao perfil de não voluntários. O estudo foi composto por 90 participantes, divididos em dois grupos. O grupo 1 engloba 42 pessoas que prestam serviço voluntário sendo 74% pertence ao sexo feminino, com média de idade de 34,24 anos (DP=14,09). O grupo 2 foi constituído por 48 pessoas que não desenvolvem atividade voluntária e 77% pertence ao sexo feminino, com média de idade de 31,67 anos (DP=11,67). Para tanto, foram utilizados o Questionário de Identificação e o Inventário Dimensional Clínico da Personalidade (IDCP-2). Os resultados encontrados sugerem um perfil de personalidade mais severo para o grupo de não voluntários, apresentando maiores médias em grande parte das dimensões. No grupo de voluntários foi observado diferenças nas características altruístas e egoístas, porém com perfil similar nas demais dimensões do IDCP-2.

The aim of this study was to analyze the pathological personality profile of voluntary workers, including the comparison to the profile of non-voluntary workers. The study was composed of 90 participants divided into two groups. Group 1 included 42 people providing some volunteer service, being 74% female, with an average age of 34.24 years (SD = 14.09). Group 2 consisted of 48 people who do not do any volunteering activity, with 77% being female, with an average age of 31.67 years (SD = 11.67). For this, two instruments were applied, the Identification Questionnaire, and the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2). The results suggest a more severe personality profile for the group of non-volunteers, with higher averages in most dimensions. In the group of volunteers, differences were observed in altruistic and selfish characteristics, but with a similar profile in the other dimensions of the IDCP-2.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el perfil de personalidad patológica de trabajadores voluntarios, y compararlo al perfil de trabajadores no voluntarios. El estudio contó con 90 participantes que fueron divididos en dos grupos. El grupo 01 fue formado por 42 personas que prestan servicio voluntario, siendo 74% mujeres, con edad media de 34,24 años (DT=14,09). El grupo 02 fue constituido por 48 personas que no realizaban trabajo voluntario, siendo 77% mujeres y con edad media de 31,67 años (DT=11,67). Fue utilizado el Cuestionario de Identificación y el Inventario Dimensional Clínico de la Personalidad (IDCP-2). Los resultados sugieren un perfil de personalidad más severo para el grupo de no voluntarios, presentando promedios más elevados en gran parte de las dimensiones. En el grupo de voluntarios se observó diferencias en las características altruistas y egoístas, pero con un perfil semejante en las demás dimensiones del IDCP-2.

Symptoms of conduct disorder and reasons to act prosocially: A reading through evolutionary theories / Sintomatologia do transtorno da conduta e razões para agir pró-socialmente: Uma leitura através das teorias evolucionistas / Síntomas de trastorno de conducta y razones para un comportamiento pro-social: Una lectura a través de las teorías evolutivas

Based on evolutionary theories, this study analyzes reasons for sharing and retention and the association of these reasons according to age and the presence of conduct disorder symptoms in children. Therefore, the children participated in a prosocial activity, in which they had to decide if they would like to share a prize with his/her classroom best friend. Finally, the experimenter asked them to explain the reasons for his/her decision. The results showed that children considered factors such as reciprocity probability, sharing cost, benefit to the recipient, moral justification and kinship. Furthermore, the conduct disorder symptoms group showed a weak association to social issues and younger children assign greater cost on sharing the prize, compared to older ones. It is possible to understand the reasons provided by the children in the light of evolutionary theories on cooperation, altruism and generosity.

Baseado nas teorias evolucionistas, este estudo analisa as justificativas de partilha e de retenção, assim como a associação dessas justificativas com a faixa etária e a presença ou ausência de sintomatologia do transtorno da conduta em crianças. Para isso, as crianças passaram por uma atividade pró-social, na qual decidiam se gostariam de partilhar ou não com seu melhor amigo de classe. Por fim, o experimentador solicitava para que elas explicassem as razões de sua decisão. Os resultados mostraram que as crianças consideraram fatores como: probabilidade de reciprocidade, custo da partilha, benefício para o receptor, justificativas morais e parentesco. Além disso, o grupo com a sintomatologia do transtorno da conduta mostrou uma relação muito fraca com respostas relacionadas a questões sociais e as crianças mais jovens, comparadas as mais velhas, atribuíram maior custo para partilhar os objetos. As justificativas dadas pelas crianças respaldam as teorias evolucionistas sobre cooperação, altruísmo e generosidade.

Basado en las teorías evolucionistas, este estudio analiza las justificativas del compartir y del retener, así como la asociación de esas justificativas con el rango de edad, la presencia o ausencia de sintomatología de trastorno de conducta en niños. Para esto, los niños participaron de una actividad pro-social, en la cual debían decidir compartir o no con su mejor amigo de la clase. Al final, el experimentador les solicitaba que explicaran las razones de su decisión. Los resultados mostraron que los niños consideraron factores como: probabilidad de reciprocidad, costo de compartir, beneficio para el receptor, justificativas morales y parentesco. Además de eso, el grupo con la sintomatología de trastorno de conducta mostró una relación muy débil con respuestas relacionadas a cuestiones sociales y los infantes más jóvenes, comparados a los mayores, atribuyeron mayor costo para compartir los objetos. Las justificativas dadas por los infantes respaldan las teorías evolucionistas sobre cooperación, altruismo y generosidad.